








- Quantum attacks could break blockchain’s cryptographic foundations (RSA, ECDSA).
- Shor’s algorithm can factor large primes exponentially faster, threatening digital signatures used in Bitcoin and Ethereum.

- Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC): New cryptographic algorithms resistant to quantum attacks are being developed, such as lattice-based and hash-based encryption.
- Quantum Key Distribution (QKD): Offers unbreakable encryption using quantum entanglement, strengthening blockchain security.
- Quantum Blockchain: Theoretical models propose quantum hashing and quantum consensus mechanisms for ultra-secure decentralized systems.